SEATTLE, Washington — During the Vietnam War, the United States used a defoliant chemical called Agent Orange to expose the Vietnamese military positioned within thick forests. Between 1961-1971, the U.S. sprayed around 80 million liters of Agent Orange primarily across Vietnam's Southern country-side regions. According to the Los Angeles Almanac there are approximately 27,015homeless people 0:00 0:00:06. Their results showed that Southeast Asia has lost 61 million hectares of forest over the last 20 years. In the 2000s, the annual loss was about an average of 2 million hectares a Let us help you achieve a deeper level of relaxation this with our 3.5-hour Asian-inspired spa package. Enjoy a complimentary green tea martini while you unwind!. Step 1 : Heat. [10 à 20 minutes] The thermal experience starts off in the heat. Contrary to popular beliefs, the water circuit does not start in the hot baths, but rather in the dry Note that I have another 50 or so locations to still add to the. Here's a look at the rise and fall of Golden, Oregon, one of the most unique original ghost towns of the West. Whispers of gold in Southern Oregon were heard by many who made the trek to California during the 19th century gold rush. Sep 29, 2017 · Millican. Central Oregon. Native Americans have been in America for at least 15,000 years and it's easy to see their influence in art music, food, words, products, games, and names throughout the United. Oma means grandmother in German and is also a popular Indonesian grandmother name. 56 of 65 View All. 57 of 65. FB More. The seasonal nature and pattern of Southeast Asia's rainfall, as well as the region's physiography, have strongly affected the development of natural vegetation. The hot, humid climate and enormous variety of habitats have given rise to an abundance and diversity of vegetative forms unlike that in any other area of the world. Much of the natural vegetation has been modified by human action How we go about saving the rainforests of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Since Rainforest Foundation Norway (RFN) began working in Southeast Asia in 1997, we have initiated a range of projects together with local partners in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Myanmar. Our main focus in this region has been to work for sustainable forest management nTGq. Every year, farmers in states neighboring Delhi burn crop residue, sending smoke into the air and across the country. South Asia was home to 44 of the world’s top 50 most polluted cities last year, most of them in India, according to the Swiss air quality technology company IQAir. Kandhari said that though she sympathized with residents in New York and elsewhere, “we really hope that the policymakers in the USA, who are in denial, feel the pain of the developing nations who choke each day in this toxic hell.”The world’s most polluted city last year was Lahore, Pakistan, IQAir says. In Bangladesh, whose capital, Dhaka, was the world’s second-most polluted city Thursday, air pollution is responsible for 20% of all premature deaths, according to a World Bank report this year. Southeast Asia has also seen worryingly high levels of pollution this spring from forest and agricultural fires, endangering public health and threatening the crucial tourism industry in countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and many as 70% of the world’s million annual air pollution-related deaths are in the Asia-Pacific region, according to the United Nations Environment Delhi residents like Deepali Yadav, who says she’s been “dealing with this problem for years,” say they have found ways to cope that could also help those suffering from pollution in the air quality index AQI in New York and elsewhere exceeded 400 Wednesday, well above the 100 that the Environmental Protection Agency considers a healthy limit. “They can try staying indoors and using purifiers, using masks and water sprinklers to settle the smoke a bit,” said Yadav, an electronics engineer. “Strenuous outdoor activities can wait for some time, if that’s possible.”Shreya Bhattacharya, a textile designer, said people in New Delhi and elsewhere in northern India were wearing masks long before the Covid pandemic, especially heading into winter when AQI can exceed 700. She said they use humidifiers and air purifiers, especially while sleeping, and keep potted plants in the house during those months. “Breathing exercises and yoga have helped us greatly in maintaining lung capacity,” she said. An anti-smog gun mounted on a truck sprinkles water to curb dust pollution in New Delhi in Khanna / Hindustan Times via Getty ImagesTaking a shower or washing one’s face, especially the eyes, with cold water “helps remove the burning sensation from exposure to polluted air,” she said.“We try to avoid stepping outside as much as possible and make sure to mask up whenever we do.”Both Bhattacharya and Yadav stressed the importance of making earth-conscious choices.“I try to walk or use public transport whenever possible, surround myself with air-purifying plants, burn less, reuse and repair more, use masks outdoors, eat healthy and live using sustainable and nature-friendly ways,” Yadav Beijing, where AQI approached 1,000 during the “airpocalypse” of 2013, air pollution has improved dramatically but still flares up during annual sandstorms in March and April that partly originate in neighboring Mongolia. Experts say climate change is likely to make the naturally occurring sandstorms more don’t go outside, especially elderly people and Jiang, university student in Beijing “When I was in middle school, I can remember many days when the weather was foggy and visibility was no more than 200 meters 220 yards,” said Sam Li, 23, a Beijing native. “My nose was full of dust, and I felt quite disgusting.”Almost every family she knew had an air purifier, she added. “My high school also had air purifiers to protect students from air pollution.”Li said the most efficient way to prevent pollution from entering homes was to shut all the doors and windows. “If you have to go outside, you need to wear the professional mask,” she said, referring to particulate matter that measures less than micrometers in diameter, like that produced by wildfires. This year, the Chinese capital experienced its worst air pollution March 22, according to the Beijing Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center. The AQI that day was 500, state media reported.“The sky was yellow and the pollution was bad, but not to the extent that it is in New York today,” Jungle Jiang, a university student living in Beijing for six years, said via text message. New research has found that the tropical forests in the mountains of Southeast Asia are losing trees at an accelerated rate, deepening a wide range of ecological concerns. Southeast Asia is home to about 15% of the world’s tropical forests and help sustain plant and animal biodiversity. The trees also store carbon, keeping it out of the atmosphere where it would further contribute to warming global temperatures. But clearing the forests of trees has reduced the ecosystem’s capacity for carbon storage, according to a study recently published in Nature Sustainability. In many parts of the world, people have cleared out forests to make space for subsistence agriculture and cash crops. In Southeast Asia, illegal logging is also responsible for a huge amount of deforestation. As forests shrink, their ability to counteract human carbon emissions dwindles. “We know there is substantial deforestation on mountains [in Southeast Asia], but we didn’t know if it was increasing and how it affected carbon,” said Zhenzhong Zeng, an earth system scientist at Southern University of Science and Technology in China and a co-author of the study. “Now, we find that it’s increasing.” The researchers used satellite images to track forest loss over time and carbon density maps to calculate corresponding reductions in carbon storage capacity. Their results showed that Southeast Asia has lost 61 million hectares of forest over the last 20 years. In the 2000s, the annual loss was about an average of 2 million hectares a year. Between 2010 to 2019, that number doubled to about 4 million hectares a year. “I think what’s surprising is just the rate that it’s occurring at, and not the fact that it is occurring,” said Alan Ziegler, a physical geographer at Mae Jo University in Thailand and another co-author of the study. About a third of trees cleared were in mountainous regions such as northern Laos, northeastern Myanmar and the Indonesian islands Sumatra and Kalimantan, the study found. Experts previously thought that these trees, protected by rugged mountain landscape, would be less affected by human intervention compared to trees found in flatter lowlands. But the study found that with cultivatable lowlands growing more limited, forest clearance has expanded into the mountains. In 2001, mountain trees made up about 24% of all trees cleared that year. By 2019, it was over 40%. FILE - A view of Khao Yai National Park, 130 kilometers north of Bangkok, Thailand, March 22, 2021. “I think it’s innovative, the way they look at how [forest loss] shifts from lowland areas to the mountain areas,” said Nophea Sasaki, who studies forest carbon monitoring at Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand and was not involved in the study. “I think that’s a great concern.” Forests at higher elevation and on steeper slopes tend to store more carbon than lowland forests, according to the study. If people are clearing out more mountain trees, then the forests could lose even more carbon than current climate change models predict. If land is set aside, trees can regrow and restore their carbon stocks. But the natural habitats forests support and the great biodiversity they contain may be lost forever. Species unique to the region could disappear. The forests’ protection of watersheds and flood prevention capacity may also vanish. “It’s not only about carbon. In terms of environmental destruction on a long-term basis, it would destroy nature. It would destroy all biodiversity,” Sasaki said. Complicating the picture is inconsistent monitoring and enforcement of forest protection between countries and states. Experts say advances in technology, such as the satellite data used in this study, and public attention on the issue will be important for closer monitoring and prevention of forest loss. “We should be obligated to protect the forest because without these forests, we cannot survive,” Sasaki said. As firefighters rushed to protect communities under threat, more than 160 forest fires continued to burn in Quebec, the vast majority of them out of control, coating much of the province in thick smoke and haze. The fires prompted air quality warnings across Quebec on Monday morning, including in Montreal, where Environment Canada urged residents to take precautions against smog. In Sept-Îles, the North Shore town whose outskirts are threatened by fire, Environment Canada issued a severe special air quality statement, urging residents to wear respirators if they had to venture outside and to use air filters to recirculate and clean indoor air. The special air quality statement extended over much of the province, stretching from the north shore to James Bay and including part of the Outaouais. Monday late afternoon, the Atikamekw community of Opitciwan, 350 kilometres north of Montreal, announced it would be taking people with respiratory and mobility issues to Roberval or Lac Saint-Jean in the Saguenay region due to the deterioration of air quality. Steeve Beaupré, the mayor of Sept-Îles, said residents there woke up to a thick cloud of smoke on Monday morning. He urged people to keep their doors and windows closed and to avoid physical activity outdoors. Beaupré accompanied firefighters on a flyover to observe the fires near the town on Sunday. He said he witnessed the proximity of the flames to residential areas and how unpredictable they were. One of the major fires near Sept-Îles had grown since then but was being pushed northward, away from the town, by wind. Fortunately, he said, the weather forecast seemed to offer some relief. "The weather seems to be turning in our favour with the promise of significant precipitation this week," he said. Premier François Legault said at an afternoon news conference that approximately 10,000 people have had to leave their homes across the province because of the fires, which are burning over 2,000 square does all this wildfire smoke in southern Quebec mean for your health?Yan Boulanger, a research scientist with Natural Resources Canada said that the ground covered by the fires in Quebec's commercial forests in the past four days is massive and estimates that it's equal to what was covered in the past 10 years combined."It's a really exceptional situation," he said. "To have that number of fires means we had very dry, very warm conditions in the last few days and we also had a thunderstorm on Thursday that ignited those fires."The number of fires has overwhelmed the capacity of the province's forest fire fighting agency, SOPFEU. WATCH Forest fires are worse than usual this year. Here's why What's behind Quebec's 'unprecedented' forest fire season?CBC's Steve Rukavina explains why so many fires are burning, many out of control, in the province this agency is prioritizing fighting fires that pose an urgent risk to human life or critical infrastructure. Firefighters are battling 35 fires, but Mélanie Morin, a spokesperson for SOPFEU, said reinforcements from the Canadian military were beginning to lend a hand. Forest fires force thousands out of their homes in Quebec's North ShoreClova, Que., the small town Premier Legault said was burning to the ground, still standing — for now"More manpower means more fires that we can intervene on," she said. "Daily, our priorities change depending on wind shifts. One day a fire could be going away from a community whereas the next day a wind shift could change that."Morin hoped the rain and colder weather forecast for later this week would help firefighters gain the upper hand on some blazes. "Cooler temperatures, lighter winds are always a very welcome addition to the mix," she said. Smog filled the air in the Montreal area on Monday afternoon. Environment Canada warned asthmatic children and people with respiratory ailments or heart disease to avoid intense physical activity Boyer, the mayor of Laval, Que., said on Twitter public transit prices there would be lowered to $1 per bus ride on Tuesday in an effort to reduce the number of cars on the road and keep smog to a minimum. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions Tourism will always have an impact on the places visited. Sometimes the impact is good, but often it is negative. For example, if lots of people visit one place, then this can damage the environment. The question is - how can we minimize the problems without preventing people from travelling and visiting places? The main aim of ecotourism is to reduce the negative impact that tourism has on the environment and local people. The idea is to encourage tourists to think about what they do when they visit a place. It's great to talk about protecting the environment, but how do you actually do this? There are a number of key points. Tourists shouldn't drop litter, they should stay on the paths, they shouldn't interfere with wildlife and they should respect local customs and traditions. Some people see ecotourism as a contradiction. They say that any tourism needs infrastructure - roads, airports and hotels. The more tourists that visit a place, the more of these are needed and, by building more of these, you can't avoid damaging the environment. But, of course, things aren't so black and white. Living in a place of natural beauty doesn't mean that you shouldn't benefit from things like better roads. As long as the improvements benefit the local people and not just the tourists, and the local communities are consulted on plans and changes, then is there really a problem? In 2002 the United Nations celebrated the "International Year of Ecotourism". Over the past twenty years, more and more people have started taking eco-holidays. In countries such as Ecuador, Nepal, Costa Rica and Kenya, ecotourism represents a significant proportion of the tourist industry. In paragraph 4, the word "avoid" is closest in meaning to ____. Article Open Access Published 28 April 2020 Scientific Reports volume 10, Article number 7117 2020 Cite this article 15k Accesses 112 Citations 86 Altmetric Metrics details Subjects AbstractFragmentation is a major driver of ecosystem degradation, reducing the capacity of habitats to provide many important ecosystem services. Mangrove ecosystem services, such as erosion prevention, shoreline protection and mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration, depend on the size and arrangement of forest patches, but we know little about broad-scale patterns of mangrove forest fragmentation. Here we conduct a multi-scale analysis using global estimates of mangrove density and regional drivers of mangrove deforestation to map relationships between habitat loss and fragmentation. Mangrove fragmentation was ubiquitous; however, there are geographic disparities between mangrove loss and fragmentation; some regions, like Cambodia and the southern Caribbean, had relatively little loss, but their forests have been extensively fragmented. In Southeast Asia, a global hotspot of mangrove loss, the conversion of forests to aquaculture and rice plantations were the biggest drivers of loss >50% and fragmentation. Surprisingly, conversion of forests to oil palm plantations, responsible for >15% of all deforestation in Southeast Asia, was only weakly correlated with mangrove fragmentation. Thus, the management of different deforestation drivers may increase or decrease fragmentation. Our findings suggest that large scale monitoring of mangrove forests should also consider fragmentation. This work highlights that regional priorities for conservation based on forest loss rates can overlook fragmentation and associated loss of ecosystem functionality. IntroductionMangroves are intertidal wetlands found along coastlines in much of the tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate world. These forests provide valuable ecosystem services including preventing erosion1, providing habitat for fisheries species2, protecting coastal communities from extreme weather events3,4 and storing large reserves of blue carbon, thus mitigating global climate change5. The services provided by mangroves are threatened by anthropogenic processes including deforestation6 and sea-level rise7,8. Historically, mangroves were subject to high rates of deforestation of up to per annum9. However, since the turn of the millennium global mangrove deforestation rates have slowed, with annual loss rates of Lower rates of loss are due to near total historical loss of forest patches in some regions, but also improved conservation practices11 and improvements in large scale monitoring techniques that provide more accurate estimates of cover and loss than were available historically10,12. The majority of contemporary mangrove loss occurs in Southeast Asia, where ~50% of the remaining global mangrove forest area is located, with nations such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Myanmar continuing to show losses of and per year, researchers have highlighted that simply reporting mangrove total loss rates is insufficient for prioritising conservation actions11, if there is insufficient knowledge of the quality and spatial arrangement of habitat that remains. It is important to consider the proportional loss of mangroves, as areas with small amounts of mangrove forest will be particularly negatively affected by deforestation and resulting fragmentation, even though such small patches can still provide a disproportionate amount of ecosystem services for local populations13. Similarly, in addition to simply conserving mangrove forests, there is now also a focus on quantifying mangrove connectivity14,15,16. Although measurement of total areal loss is an important step towards informing conservation priorities, other metrics of environmental change, such as fragmentation, are also important indicators of habitat health17,18,19,20, ecological function and resilience of fragmented mangrove forests may be compromised in multiple ways, making fragmentation an important change to monitor22. For example, fragmented forests are likely to have a reduced capacity to ameliorate waves23,24 and so will have higher through-flow of tidal waters leading to greater erosion of sediment substrate25. Increased sediment erosion may affect the capacity of mangroves to accrete and keep pace with sea level rise7,8, so by increasing erosion fragmentation may reduce the ability of mangroves to adapt to sea level rise. In addition, increased mangrove fragmentation may mean forests are more accessible to humans, potentially leading to increased deforestation of mangroves and exploitation of species that use mangroves as habitat26. Finally, the biological integrity of fragmented mangroves is compromised by lower species diversity of both birds27 and estuarine fish28. Thus, the capability for mangroves to provide critical habitat for many fished species may be jeopardised by fragmentation. The biophysical impacts of fragmentation in mangroves are likely to influence the ability of forests to capture and store carbon6,29. Given the number of important ecological changes associated with the fragmentation of mangrove forests, we suggest that fragmentation should be explored as a way to monitor the deterioration of mangrove ecosystems at large compared rates of mangrove fragmentation and deforestation from a high spatial resolution dataset from 2000 to 2012 at a global scale, with ~30 m resolution at the equator10. We used four metrics of fragmentation that represent different aspects of the quality of mangrove forests globally clumpiness, perimeter-area fractal dimension PAFRAC, mean patch area and the mean distance to a patch’s nearest neighbour Supplementary Methods S1. The clumpiness index and PAFRAC assess how patches are dispersed across the landscape, and patch shape, respectively30. These metrics are independent of the areal extent of forests31, making them ideal for assessing shifts in mangrove forest arrangement. The metrics mean patch size and mean distance to nearest patch have the advantage of being immediately comprehensible and describing ecologically relevant shifts in forest arrangement28,32. However, these two metrics can be highly correlated with the extent of forests in the patterns of mangrove fragmentation are related to, but distinct from, patterns in mangrove loss at the global scale. Six of the ten nations with the highest rates of mangrove loss were also in at least one of the lists for the top ten nations for fragmentation rates Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, United States, and the Philippines Table 1. We also identified hotspots for loss that had lower rates of fragmentation, including Brazil, northern Myanmar, Mexico and Cuba Figs. 1, 2 and Supplementary Fig. S1. Although fragmentation is often linked to loss, there is a ubiquitous trend toward fragmentation globally, even in areas with low rates of loss Fig. 2, Supplementary Table S1. Landscapes in regions with both high rates of loss and fragmentation, such as Myanmar, Indonesia and Malaysia, displayed high values for all measures of fragmentation Fig. 3. Hotspots of fragmentation within the top ten for at least two of four fragmentation metrics include Cambodia, Cameroon, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea and the southern Caribbean Aruba, Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago. Some of these areas are associated with high deforestation rates; however, areas such as Cambodia, Cameroon, New Guinea and nations with little mangrove area in the southern Caribbean Aruba, Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago have comparatively low loss 1 The top ten nations ranked by total areal loss and rates of fragmentation for each of the four main metrics. Nation and value are size tableFigure 1A description of similarities and disparities between fragmentation and areal loss of mangroves, with example size imageFigure 2Global distribution of total mangrove loss panel A, proportional mangrove loss panel B and fragmentation, measured as 1 changes in distance to nearest patch Panel C and, 2 shifts in mean size of mangrove patches panel D.Full size imageFigure 3Maps of four landscapes, each demonstrating a notable shift in one of the four metrics of fragmentation employed in this size imageThe spatial distribution of mangrove fragmentation is variable and depends on which metric of fragmentation is considered Table 1, Fig. 2. Generally, there is a fragmentation hotspot centred in Southeast Asia, concomitant with known areas of mangrove loss10. There are other hotspots of fragmentation albeit less severe than in Southeast Asia in the Caribbean, northern South America and the eastern Pacific. These hotspots ranked highly for fragmentation in the metrics of mean distance to nearest neighbour and patch area see Fig. 2, metrics which have high ecological relevance. Western Africa also ranked highly on the sensitive metrics of PAFRAC and clumpiness see Supplementary Fig. S1.Land-use changesFragmentation and loss were highly correlated in Southeast Asia, and this relationship was mediated by the specific land-use transition. Rank correlations indicate a strong relationship between the extent of loss and all fragmentation metrics correlation coefficients ranged from to all correlations had p 0 to 0. Rasters were spatially transformed to the local UTM and exported as GeoTIFF files, resulting in 8,985 landscapes with mangrove presence in 2000. All spatial processing was conducted using R version and the packages raster48, rgeos49, rgdal50 and sp51. Fragstats52 was used to process the landscapes. Fragmentation statistics calculated included CLUMPY, PAFRAC, ENN_MN and AREA_MN. Total mangrove cover in the landscape was calculated using the raw cover values in the cropped raster were assigned to a nation and a biogeographical ecoregion53. The GADM version and ecoregional layers53 were cropped to each landscape, and the nation and ecoregion that was most dominant in the landscape were assumed to be the nation/ecoregion containing the mangroves within the landscape. The majority of landscapes were assigned only one nation Plotting was conducted using the R packages sf54 and of land-use transitionsFor Southeast Asia, dominant land-use transitions were extracted from a previous analysis using remote sensing of Landsat imagery45. In the previous study, all areas of mangrove deforested in Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2012 and larger than hectares in size were classified to identify their land cover in 2012 using a machine learning model45. Data on the prevalence of six types of land-use transition were extracted from this dataset urban developments, rice paddy, oil palm plantations, aquaculture, mangrove regrowth including mangrove forestry, rehabilitation or natural regeneration and other including recent deforestation with no identifiable form of land-use, deforestation caused by erosion, and conversion to non-oil palm terrestrial landscapes. Each landscape was queried for the number of mangrove patches and the total area of mangrove undergoing different land-use transitions. Many landscapes had multiple land-use transitions within their boundaries. Accordingly, the dominant land-use transition for each landscape was assigned. The land-use classification which had both; 1 the highest total area within the landscape, and 2 was present in the most or equal to the most mangrove patches within the landscape was considered dominant. Spearman rank correlations were conducted to identify the relationship between mangrove deforestation loss in hectares and absolute shifts in metrics describing habitat arrangement. The Spearman rank correlation was used because initial analyses with linear regression indicated the residuals did not conform to a normal distribution. We then modelled the correlation coefficient as a function of fragmentation metric and land-use transition using a linear model. The linear model tested the hypothesis that the extent of deforestation and fragmentation would be more strongly linked for some land-use transitions than others. All processing was conducted in R version Data availabilityThe datasets generated during and analysed during the current study are available in the dryad repository, WEBLINK. To be made public upon publication.ReferencesKoch, E. W. et al. Non-linearity in ecosystem services temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Front. Ecol. 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Springer-Verlag New York, 2016.Download was supported by a Discovery Early Career Researcher Award DE160101207 from the Australian Research Council, and and by The Global Wetlands Project. FA was supported by an Advance Queensland Fellowship from the Queensland Government, Australia. was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program RTP informationAuthors and AffiliationsAustralian Rivers Institute – Coast and Estuaries, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, AustraliaDale N. Bryan-Brown & Rod M. ConnollyETH Zurich, Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, SingaporeDaniel R. RichardsAustralian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, AustraliaFernanda AdameDepartment of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore, SingaporeDaniel A. FriessAustralian Rivers Institute – Coast and Estuaries, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, AustraliaChristopher J. BrownAuthorsDale N. Bryan-BrownYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarRod M. ConnollyYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarDaniel R. RichardsYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarFernanda AdameYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarDaniel A. FriessYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarChristopher J. BrownYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google and conceived the project. conducted the data management and analysis. suggested project direction and provided support in planning stages. and provided data for land-use changes in Southeast Asia. and interpreted results. drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to editing the manuscript. All authors consented to the manuscript being submitted in its final authorCorrespondence to Christopher J. declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional informationRights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original authors and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit Reprints and PermissionsAbout this articleCite this articleBryan-Brown, Connolly, Richards, et al. Global trends in mangrove forest fragmentation. Sci Rep 10, 7117 2020. citationReceived 18 June 2019Accepted 06 April 2020Published 28 April 2020DOI This article is cited by New contributions to mangrove rehabilitation/restoration protocols and practices Alexander Cesar FerreiraLuiz Drude de LacerdaLuis Ernesto Arruda Bezerra Wetlands Ecology and Management 2023 Natural Protected Areas effect on the cover change rate of mangrove forests in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico Laura Osorio-OlveraRodolfo Rioja-NietoFrancisco Guerra-Martínez Wetlands 2023 Genomic population structure of Parkia platycephala Benth. 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in southeast asia many forests have been